TENSES
Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh waktu dan sifat kejadian.
Semua kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris tidak
lepas dari tenses karena semua
kalimat pasti ada hubungannya dengan waktu dan sifat kejadiannya.
Waktu
|
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
Sifat Kejadiannya
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
Simple Future
|
Present
Continouos
|
Past Continouos
|
Future
Continouos
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
Future Perfect
|
|
Present Perfect
Continuous
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
Future Perfect
Continuous
|
Simple Present
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S + V- 1 (s/es) + O + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + do/does + not
+ V - 1 + O + keterangan waktu. (?) Do/does + S + V- 1 + O + keterangan waktu?
Contoh :
(+) You study English
at MEC everyday.
(-) You don't study
English at MEC everyday. (?) Do you study English at MEC everyday?
1.
Kalau subjek kalimat orang ketiga
tunggal (the third person singular-she/he/it), kata kerja harus ditambah
dengan "s" atau "es" dalam kalimat positif (positive
statement).
Contoh:: Mary
usually goes swimming on Saturday morning.
Mother always serves our breakfast before we go to
school.
My brother likes playing tennis on Sunday
morning.
2.
Akhiran "s" pada
kata kerja
She
works
five days a week.
Pada umumnya kata kerja ditambah dengan akhiran "s" jika
subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal (the third person singular - he/she/it).
Contoh:
I work five days a week.
We play tennis
every Sunday The boys play in the garden
Father takes a train to go to office.
A
mouse eats
my food every morning
3. Akhiran "es" digunakan pada kata kerja
yang huruf akhirnya "s, ch, sh, x, o", jika subjeknya orang ketiga
tunggal. Sedangkan kata kerja yang huruf akhimya "y" dan didahului
huruf mati, y ditukar dulu dengan "i" kemudian ditambah
"es"
Contoh:
I pass
the house.
You watch
television. We wash our
clocthes. They go to office.
I study
English
He passes the house. John goes to office. She washes her clothes. She watches television. He studies English
4. Kalimat menyangkal (negative)
Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibentuk
dengan menempatkan "do
not/don't atau does not/doesn't" sesudah subjek kalimat. "Doesn't" digunakan untuk orang
ketiga tunggal (he doesn't, she doesn't, it doesn't), sedangkan "don't"
digunakan untuk selain
orang ketiga tunggal (I don't, you don't, we don't, they don't).
Contoh:
You don't
go swimming on Monday.
We don't work
on Saturday.
I don't
work at the aircraft factory.
He doesn't
work on Saturday.
My brother doesn't play football every day.
John doesn't work at the aircraft company
.
5.
Kalimat tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat tanya (interrogative) dibentuk dengan menempatkan kata Bantu
"do atau does"di depan kalimat. "Does" digunakan untuk orang ketiga tunggal (he,
she, it), sedangkan "do" digunakan untuk selain orang ketiga tunggal
(I, you, we, they). "Do/does" dalam kalimat tanya artinya"apakah"
dan kata kerjanya tidak lagi menggunakan akhiran "s/es" walaupun
subjek kalimatnya orang ketiga tunggal
Contoh:
Do you always go to office by train?
Do they go
swimming every Sunday?
Do the
boys like this film?
Does your brother work for bank Mandiri ?
Does he go swimming every Sunday?
Does the boy like this film?
6.
Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini
adalah sebagai berikut:
DO digunakan oleh
subject I, you, we, dan they. DOES digunakan oleh subject she,
he, dan it.
B. Penggunaan
1.
Simple Present digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, kegiatan
yang terjadi berulang-ulang, atau merupakan
suatu kebiasaan (habit).
2.
Simple Present
juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu fakta (fact) atau suatu yang merupakan kebenaran umum (general truth).
3. Simple Present juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang akan terjadi
di waktu yang akan
datang, jika kita
membicarakan suatu Jadwal, program, dan lain-lain.
C.
Keterangan Waktu (Adverb of time)
Contoh:
I leave for office at 6 every morning. My father works
five days a week.
Father
always drinks tea in the afternoon.
Contoh:
The River Nile flows into Mediterranean. Jet engines
make a lot of noise.
Vegetarians
don't eat meat and fish.
Contoh:
The
second train leaves at 10 a.m.
The football match starts at 4 p.m tomorrow. The
second film begins at 7 p.m.
1. Adverb of frequency
always : selalu
Usually : biasanya
generally : umumnya
ever (?) : pernah Sometimes : kadang-kadang occasionally : kadarag-kaclang
never : tidak pernah
Seldom : jarang
2. Adverb of quantity
once … : sekali ...
once a day : sekali dalam sehari once a week : sekali dalam
seminggu twice … : dua
kali ...
three times … : tiga kali
dalam ... every … : setiap ...
Exercise
A. Make the sentences using the phrases below
a)
eat breakfast
b)
go to class
c)
put on my clothes
d)
drink a cup of coffee/tea
e)
shave
f)
put on my make-up
g)
take a shower/bath
h)
get up
i)
pick up my books
j)
walk to the bathroom
k)
watch TV
l)
look in the mirror
m)
turn off the alarm
clock
n)
go to die kitchen/the cafeteria
o)
brush/comb my hair
p)
say good-bye to my
roommate, wife/husband
q)
brush my teeth
r)
do exercises
s)
wash my face
t)
stretch, yawn, and rub my eyes
A. Put the following sentences into simple present. use the words in parentheses
1.
My sister still … (make)
some mistakes in pronunciation.
2.
Hendry always …
(do) his weekly report on Monday afternoon.
3.
Mr. David's secretary always … (type)
a lot of letters in the office.
4.
Some of us … (work)
overtime on Saturday.
5.
He … (come)
early because he … (want) to see you.
6.
They always …
(report) to their superior once a week.
7.
Our receptionist
always … (serve) the customers
patiently.
8.
His assistant
never … (forget)
to record the daily
transactions.
9.
One of them often … (pass) my house in the morning.
10.
We …… (go) to
the seaside every Saturday.
B. change the following sentences into negative!
1.
The man comes here
just to take this letter.
2.
One of my brothers
works for Bank of America in Jakarta.
3.
He makes his weekly report regularly.
4.
My manager always
spends a lot of money on books every
month.
5.
The cashier goes
to the bank to cash the cheque.
C. Change the following sentences into interrogative!
1.
The man withdraws
some money from his account once
a week.
2.
One of the men wants
to see our manager this afternoon.
3.
Some of them always
finish their work on time.
4.
My friend teaches
English twice a week.
5.
We always start
work at 8 o'clock every morning.
D.
My name is Jennie. I’m a nurse......................................and I work
at................................................I
look after sick children at
night. I start
work at.............................................................and finish early
at...........................................in the morning. I go to work by
........................................................ but
I come home
in the morning
by.......................................................................because I’m tired. I
have...........................................in my section. I look at the
children................................................. during the
night. Sometimes I sit and talk to a child. The children sleep most of the
time. At 6 o'clock the day nurse arrives
and………………............................................. She
.................................................................
at 7 o'clock. I go home and go
to bed at 8
o'clock. I usually feel ...........................................
E. Now use this information to complate the questions that jhon asks jennie
1. What do you do?
2. Where.............................................................................................?
3. What time.......................................................................................?
4. What time.......................................................................................?
5. How................................................................................................?
6. How................................................................................................?
7. How many......................................................................................?
8. How often......................................................................................?
9. When..............................................................................................?
10. What
............................................................................at
7 o'clock?
11. How..................................................................when
you go home?
F. Write the missing verbx in the sentences below. Choose from the following :
cry dence drink drive laugh listen put read
run sing sleep study swim want
write
1.
Alice and Max are
learning to dance the
tango.
2.
We usually
_football songs
on the bus.
3.
1 feel tired today because 1 didn't. last night.
4.
He doesn't go to the beach because he can't
very well.
5.
I always
to the news on
the radio in the morning.
6.
Are we going to to
the airport or go by bus?
7.
It's a really sad film. It made me .
8.
I think
I'll some letters tonight.
9.
Jim Carrey is so funny. He always makes me
.
10.
Don't all
the orange juice now. Leave some for breakfast.
11.
I always
the newspaper
before I go to work.
12.
The bus is at the stop now. If we , we'll catch it.
13.
She's not hungry.
She doesn't any cake.
14.
I'd like to medicine
at college.
15.
Shall I the milk in
the fridge?
Present Continous tense
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S + to be (is,am,are) + V-ing + O+ keterangan waktu.
(-) S + to be (is,am,are) + not + V-ing + O+ keterangan waktu (?) To be (is,am,are)
+ S + V ing + O+ keterangan
waktu?
Contoh :
(+) We are studying English at BEC now. (-) We aren't studying English at BEC now (?)
Are we
studying English at BEC now?
Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan menambahkan
"not" sesudah to be (am not, is not/isn't, are not/aren't) dan ditempatkan
sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh : Mary is not/isn't typing the monthly report.
The students are not/aren't studying English in the classroom.
I'm not/ am not preparing a minute
of meeting.
2.
Kalimat tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat tanya
(interrogative statement) dibentuk dengan
menempatkan to be (is, am,
atau are) di depan kalimat. Dalam kalimat tanya to be "am,
is, atau are" artinya
"apakah".
Contoh : Are you doing your homework?
Is your father still working in the office?
Are the children playing in the garden?
3.
Kesesuaian subject
dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
AM digunakan oleh subject I.
IS digunakan oleh
subject she, he, dan it.
ARE digunakan oleh
subject you, we, dan they.
B. Penggunaan
1.
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi atau berlangsung saat kita sedang bicara
Contoh:
My brother is painting the house. Please be
quiet!
The baby is sleeping.
Listen! The neighbors are quarrelling again.
2.
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang bersifat
sementara (temporary). Contoh:
I am living with
my friend until I can find a house.
This machine is not working well.
John is living in his friend's flat at the
moment.
David is always busy because
he is working on his thesis.3.
Present continuous tense digunakan tamtuk menunjukkan suatu keadaan atau situasi yang berubah-ubah.
Contoh:
The population of Indonesia is rising very fast.
Our economic
situation is already very bad and it is gettingworse.
The cost of living is increasing. Every month things are
dearer.
4.
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang dan telah direncanakan atau
ditentukan sebelumnya.
Contoh: I am meeting my father at the station tomorrow morning.
We are
holidaying in Europe next month.
My father is having a meeting with his staff
tomorrow morning.
5.
Beberapa kata
kerja tidak digunakan dalam present continuous tense. Kita tidak boleh
mengatakan, "I am liking mango very much," tapi kita harus mengatakan,
"I like mango very much." Beberapa kata kerja yang tidak
digunakan daIam present continuous tense adalah:
kata yang
menyangkut pancaindera : see, hear, notice, recognize.
kata-kata yang
menyangkut emosi : want, desire, smell, notice, forgive, wish, care, like,
hate, adore, dislike.
kata-kata yang menyangkut pikiran : think, feel, realize,
understand, know, mean, suppose, believe, expect, remember, recollect, forget,
recall, trust, mind.
kata-kata yang menyangkut milik : own,
belong, possess.
kata-kata
kerja seperti : seem, signify, appear,- contain, consist, keep, concern, matter
Contoh :
a.
I am knowing
her well. (Poor) I
know her well. (Good)
b.
I am understanding what you are meaning (Poor)
I understand what you mean. (Good)C.
Kata/frase yang biasa digunakan
dalam present continuous tense
·
Now : Sekarang
·
At present : Sekarang Ini .
·
At this moment : Pada
Saat Ini
·
Right now : Sekarang
Ini
·
Still : Masih
·
Look : Lihat
·
Listen : Dengarkan Exercise
A. Put the following sentences into present Continous. Use the words in parentheses
1.
One of my assistants
… (correct) the financial
report.
2.
Some of them … (work)
in the factory.
3.
The two men … (discuss)
their new plans.
4.
The girl … (take) something in that room.
5.
My assistant …
(analyze) their proposal in his room.
6.
She … (talk) to one of our regular customers in that room.
7.
My friend…
(Park) his car beside
that building.
8.
The mechanic… (Repair)
my car in my garage.
9.
One of them … (try)
to open the door.
10.
They …
(do) their English exercises in the
classroom.
.B. Change the following sentences into negative !
1.
My accountant is
calculating the total expenses we need.
2.
My little
sister is returning the books to the library.
3.
The guests are
having lunch with my supervisor.
4.
John is paying the
food he ordered.
5.
My supervisor is
still training some new employees in the training room.
C. Change the following sentences into interrogative!
1.
She is doing something in the meeting
room.
2.
The investors are calling all mechanical staffs in London.
3.
Billy is reporting
to his boss in the head office.
4.
Brenda is recording all
today's transactions.
5.
The receptionists are still talking
to one of my guests.
1. Steve is not reading newspaper. He is reading
2. Sam and Eric..........................................'..............................................
3. .................................................................................................................
4. .................................................................................................................
5. .................................................................................................................
6. .................................................................................................................
7. .................................................................................................................
8. ................................................................................................................
B. Simple present vs. present progressive. Directions: Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses.
1.
Diane can't come to the phone because she (wash)
is washing her hair.
2.
Diane (wash) her
hair every other day or so.
3. Kathy (sit, usually)
in
the front row during class, but today she
(sit)
in
the last row.
4.
Please be quiet. I (try)
to concentrate.
5.
(you, lock,
always) the door to your
apartment when you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend
last week. She hasn't answered my letter yet.
I
(wait, still)
for a reply.
7.
After six days of rain, I'm glad that the sun (shine)
again today.
8. Every morning, the
sun (shine) in
my bedroom window and (wake) me
up.
9. A: Look! It (snow
B: It's beautiful! This is the first time I've ever
seen snow. It (snow, not) in my country.
10. A: Close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (I, do)
?
B: You (rub
the
top of your desk with your hand.
A: Close, but
not exactly right. Try again.
B: Aha! You (rub)
your
hands together.
A: Right!
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S + have/has + V-3 + O
(-) S +-have/has + not + V-3 + 0 (?) Have/has +
S + V-3 + O?
Contoh :
(+) We have visited him.
(-) we have
not/haven’t visited him (?) Have we visited him?
Kalimat tanya (interrogative) dibentuk dengan menempatkan
"have/has" di depan kalimat. dalam kalimat tanya, kata kerja selalu
dalam bentuk past participle.
Contoh:
Has your brother got a job? (Apakah saudaramu sudah
mendapat pekerjaan?)
·
Have you made a decision where you
will continue your study? (Apakah kamu sudah membuat keputusan ke mana kamu
akan meneruskan kuliahmu?)
Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan menambahkan
"not" sesudah "have/ has'' (have not/haven't, has not/hasn't)
dan ditempatkan sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh:
·
I have not/haven't done my report
for this week. (Saya belum mengerjakan laporan saya untuk minggu ini.)
·
She has not hasn't typed the weekly
report. (Dia belum mengetik laporan mingguan itu.)
·
Father has not/hasn't paid his
installment for this month. (Ayah belum membayar cicilamrya untuk bulan ini.)
3.
Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini
adalah sebagai berikut :
HAVE digunakan
oleh subject I, you, we, dan they. HAS digunakan oleh subject she, he, dan it.
a. Already : sudah
b. for : Selama
c. since : Sejak
d. ever : Pernah
e. just : Baru saja
f. recently : Baru-baru
ini
B.
Penggunaan
1.
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi
pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Contoh:
·
We have occupied this house for seven years. (Kami
sudah menempati rumah ini selama tujuh tahun)
·
My brother has studied English for
seven months. (Saudara saya sudah belajar bahasa Inggris selama tujuh bulan)
2. Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang atau akibatnya dapat dilihat/dirasakan sekarang.
2. Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang atau akibatnya dapat dilihat/dirasakan sekarang.
Contoh :
·
My father has bought a new car.
(Ayah saya sudah membeli sebuah mobil baru)
·
Brenda has passed from senior high
school. (Brenda sudah lulus dari sekolah menengah atas)
3.
Present perfect tense juga digunakan dengan "this morning,
this afternoon, today, this week, this month, this year" untuk menunjukkan
bahwa sesuatu kejadian atau perbuatan telah dilakukan berulang kali.Contoh :
·
I have tried to contact him three times today. (Saya
sudah mencoba menghubunginya tiga kali hari
ini)
·
She has visited this country twice
this month. (Dia sudah mengunjungi negara ini dua kali bulan ini)
A. Put the following sentences into Present Perfect Tense. Use the words in parentheses!
1.
They … (complete) the new building.
2.
Father … (buy) a new car for his son.
3.
My secretary… (post) the letters.
4.
Mr. Smith … (sell) one of his cars.
5.
I believe that they … (transfer) the money.
B. Put the following sentences into negative!
1.
She has finished typing all the reports.
2.
Our translators have translated this novel into Indonesian.
3.
All of them have left the tiny village.
4.
One of my classmates has just celebrated her birthday.
5.
They have abandoned the burning ship.
C. Put the following sentences into interrogative!
1. I have contacted his manager three times today.
2.
They have printed this best seller novel three times
this year.
3.
We have occupied this new house for two months.
4.
My sister has visited our grandfather at this
village many times.
5.
This old city has changed a lot since I left it
thirty years ago.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S + V2 + 0 + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + did + not
+ V1 + O+ keterangan
waktu. (?) Did + S + V1
+ O+ keterangan waktu?
Contoh :
(+) You visited my
mother yesterday.
(-) You didn't visit my mother yesterday.
(?) Did you visit my mother
yesterday?
1.
Simple past tense menggunakan keterangan waktu
lampau. Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam simple past tense adalah:
2.
Semua subject menggunakan DID untuk kalimat negative dan
interrogative
B. Penggunaan
1.
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian, peristiwa atau keadaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Contoh:
·
The children enjoyed the party last night.
·
His father died when he was ten years old.
2.
Simple past tense juga digunakan untuk menanyakan
waktu terjadinya suatu kejadian atau peristiwa
Contoh:
·
When did you buy this new car?
·
When did she get married?
·
When did you buy this English dictionary?
·
When did your brother leave for England?
Exercise
a. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the verbs in parentheses!
a. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the verbs in parentheses!
1.
They …… (use) this room to discuss their plans last night.
2.
The man …… (reserve) two double rooms last week.
3.
Mr. Brown …… (return) from England last week.
4.
My brother …… (apply) for a job last month and he
was accepted.
5.
They …… (finish) work at 5.50 yesterday afternoon.
b. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the verbs in parentheses.
1.
She … (take) the stamps from my drawer yesterday morning.
2.
They … (spend) the night at one of my friend's last night.
3.
My secretary … (bring) all the books home last week.
4.
A friend of mine … (get) a job here a month ago.
5.
My boss … (give) me a good dictionary for my
birthday present.
c. Change the following sentences into negative!
1.
Mr. Skousens signed these two cheques last Monday.
2.
I met them at the airport two weeks ago.
3.
The bank debited the amount from my account last week.
4.
We settled all the payments when I was abroad last month.
5.
I decided to contact your service manager yesterday morning.
d. Change the following sentences into Interrogative!
1.
He promised to take me home last night.
2.
Jane stopped working because she had got a better job.
3.
She often had lunch late because she was very busy.
4.
My sister took a bus because her driver was ill.
5.
She went home late because she had to work overtime.
e. Fill the missing words below using simple past of present perfect. Use the words in the bracelet.
1.
What (you, learn) have you learned since you (come)
here? And how
many new friends (you, make)
?
2.
Since classes began, I (have, not) much
free time. I (have) several big tests to study for.
3.
Last night my friend
and I (have) some
free time, so we (go) to a show.
4.
I admit that I (get) older
since I last (see)
you, but with any
luck at all, I (get, also)
wiser.
5.
The science of medicine
(advance) a great deal in
the 19th century.
6.
In the last fifty years, medical scientists
(make) many important discoveries.
7.
Libraries today are different from those in the
1800s. For example, the contents of libraries
(change) greatly
through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) simply
collections of books. However, today most libraries (become)
multimedia
centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and
paintings. The role of the library in society
(change, also) In
the 1800s, libraries (be) open
only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.
8.
A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester?
B: No, I (take, already)_ it. I (take)
it
last semester. This semester I'm in 102.
9.
A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party, (you, meet, ever) -----------------
----------------
my cousin?
B: No, I
10.
A: Do you like lobster?
B: I don't
know. I (eat, never) ---------------------------------
it.
f. Write the missing verbs in the sentences below in the Past Simple. Choose from the following:
call clean cry enjoy invite jump move need
plan rain show stop talk use wait
1.
The weather was terrible in
Ireland. It _ rained nearly every day.
2. Why do the windows look dirty already? I them yesterday.
3. He was only three when his parents from London to New York.
2. Why do the windows look dirty already? I them yesterday.
3. He was only three when his parents from London to New York.
4.
Yesterday Maria .
me an amazing photo of you.
5.
I _ to Karen at the party. She was really interesting.
I _ to Karen at the party. She was really interesting.
6.
She was really happy when she
won the tennis match and she over
the net.
7. I _ you three times this afternoon, hut your phone was always engaged.
7. I _ you three times this afternoon, hut your phone was always engaged.
8.
We forty people to the party, but only
twenty came.
9. She went to the shops because she to buy some milk and eggs.
9. She went to the shops because she to buy some milk and eggs.
10.
Thank you for a wonderful
evening. 1 really it.
11.
My little sister when our cat died.
12.
I reading that computer book because it was
so boring.
13.
I didn't write in pen. I
a pencil.
14. We for you for an hour outside the cinema. Where were you?
14. We for you for an hour outside the cinema. Where were you?
15.
They looked at the map and
their journey.
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